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1. What is a Visa?
A visa (also referred to as a “thị thực” in Vietnamese) is an official document issued by a competent authority of a country that permits a foreign national to enter Vietnam for a specified period of time and for a particular purpose, except for cases eligible for visa exemption under Vietnamese law.
A visa is usually stamped or affixed onto the holder’s passport, confirming that the individual is authorized to enter and stay in Vietnam within the permitted duration and under specific conditions.
2. Types of Vietnam Visas, Symbols, and Validity
Depending on the purpose of entry, Vietnam visas are categorized as follows:
2.1. Tourist Visa (DL)
· Purpose: Tourism, sightseeing, leisure.
· Duration of stay: Up to 3 months.
· Entries: Single or multiple.
· Form: Visa sticker on passport or electronic visa (E-visa).
· Requirements: Passport valid for at least 6 months; return flight ticket and proof of financial means may be required.
· Notes: The E-visa is the most common form, applied online with a validity of up to 90 days for single or multiple entries. It cannot be extended.
2.2. Business Visa (DN1, DN2)
· Purpose: For foreigners entering Vietnam for business, meetings, or cooperation with Vietnamese enterprises or organizations.
· Types:
o DN1: Short-term business.
o DN2: Long-term business, negotiations, or market surveys.
· Validity: Up to 12 months.
· Requirements: An invitation letter or guarantee document from a Vietnamese company, and a clear work itinerary.
· Note: This visa does not allow direct employment contracts but may be converted to a work visa or temporary residence card if eligible.
2.3. Work Visa (LD1, LD2)
· Purpose: For foreigners working legally in Vietnam.
· Types:
o LD1: For individuals exempted from work permit requirements (with official confirmation).
o LD2: For individuals required to obtain a work permit.
· Validity: Up to 2 years; renewable.
· Requirements: Labor contract, work permit, or work permit exemption certificate issued by competent authorities.
2.4. Investor Visa (DT1, DT2, DT3, DT4)
· Purpose: For foreign investors conducting investment projects in Vietnam.
· Categories by capital contribution:
o DT1: Investment capital exceeding VND 100 billion or in prioritized sectors.
o DT2: Capital from VND 50 to under 100 billion.
o DT3: Capital from VND 3 to under 50 billion.
o DT4: Capital under VND 3 billion.
· Validity: 1–5 years; renewable.
· Requirements: Valid Investment Registration Certificate.
2.5. Family Visit Visa (TT, VR)
· Purpose: Visiting family members who are Vietnamese citizens or foreigners lawfully residing in Vietnam.
· Types:
o TT: Visiting spouse/children who are Vietnamese or foreign residents holding long-term visas.
o VR: Visiting relatives or entering for personal reasons; usually short-term.
· Validity: Up to 12 months; multiple entries may be granted.
· Requirements: Legal proof of family relationship (marriage certificate, birth certificate, sponsor’s passport and residence document).
2.6. Student / Internship Visa (DH)
· Purpose: Studying or undertaking an internship at educational or training institutions in Vietnam.
· Validity: Up to 12 months; renewable.
· Requirements: Admission letter or confirmation from the host educational institution.
2.7. Press Visa (PV1, PV2)
· PV1: For resident correspondents and journalists stationed in Vietnam.
· PV2: For short-term press activities.
· Validity: Up to 12 months.
2.8. Conference / Seminar Visa (HN)
· Purpose: For participation in international conferences or seminars held in Vietnam.
· Validity: Up to 3 months.
2.9. Official / Diplomatic Visa (B1, B2, B3, B4)
· B1: For official missions with state agencies, courts, or procuracies.
· B2: For implementation of licensed investment projects.
· B3: For cooperation with Vietnamese enterprises.
· B4: For work at representative offices or branches of foreign organizations in Vietnam.
3. Common Methods to Apply for a Vietnam Visa
Currently, there are three main methods to apply for a Vietnam visa, depending on nationality, purpose of entry, and individual conditions:
3.1. Electronic Visa (E-visa)
· Application: Online via the official portal of the Ministry of Public Security of Vietnam.
· Eligible applicants: Citizens of over 80 countries entering Vietnam for tourism or short-term business (usually under 90 days).
· Advantages: Fast, convenient, no need to visit the embassy or pre-arrange at the airport.
· Limitations: Cannot be extended; only valid for entry through 33 designated international checkpoints (including Noi Bai, Tan Son Nhat, Da Nang airports, etc.).
3.2. Visa on Arrival (VOA)
· Definition: A visa issued at the airport upon arrival in Vietnam after obtaining an official approval letter from the Immigration Department.
· Applicable to: Foreigners sponsored by Vietnamese enterprises or organizations (commonly business, work, investment, or family visit visas).
· Available at: Noi Bai, Tan Son Nhat, Da Nang, Cam Ranh, Phu Quoc, etc.
· Note: Not applicable to citizens of certain countries subject to stricter visa regulations.
3.3. Visa via Embassy / Consulate
· Definition: Traditional method; applicants submit documents in person or by mail to a Vietnamese Embassy or Consulate abroad.
· Applicable to: Most visa types, especially long-term, multiple-entry, work, investment, and study visas.
· Advantages: Suitable for a wide range of applicants; allows long-term or multiple-entry visas.
4. Immigration Procedures upon Arrival
After obtaining a Vietnam visa or an official entry approval letter, foreigners must complete the following steps upon entry into Vietnam:
· Present a valid passport with visa or approval letter / E-visa at the airport or border checkpoint.
· Provide additional documents if requested (return ticket, accommodation confirmation, health certificate, etc.).
· Pay visa fee (if not prepaid).
· Verify visa information on the passport after issuance.
· Complete security clearance and immigration inspection.
5. Visa Extension Procedures
When a Vietnam visa is nearing expiry and the foreigner wishes to remain in Vietnam, a visa extension must be processed:
· Applications may be submitted to the Immigration Department or local Immigration Offices, or through authorized service providers.
· Required documents include: passport, current visa, application form, and supporting documents proving the purpose of stay (labor contract, invitation letter, investment license, etc.).
· Processing time: approximately 5–7 working days.
· Note: E-visas cannot be extended; holders must exit Vietnam and reapply for a new visa if they wish to continue their stay.